Yellow Fever and Travel: Symptoms, Risks & Vaccine Guidance for Australians

Yellow Fever and Travel: Symptoms, Risks & Vaccine Guidance for Australians

Yellow fever is a serious, mosquito-borne viral disease. 

If you are planning to travel to certain parts of the world where yellow fever is present, especially parts of Africa, Central America, and South America, then you need to read this guide. 

You may require a yellow fever vaccine and you must understand the risks of infection, symptoms, prevention steps, and yellow fever vaccination certificate requirements. 

What Is Yellow Fever?

Yellow fever is a viral illness caused by the yellow fever virus, which spreads via mosquito bites. While Australia has no ongoing transmission, the mosquito species capable of spreading the virus exist here. 

The severity of infection varies. Many people with yellow fever experience mild flu‑like symptoms, but it can progress to a life‑threatening form.

How Yellow Fever Spreads

The virus is transmitted when certain mosquito species (typically Aedes aegypti or Haemagogus species) bite an infected person or animal, then bite another person. It is not spread from person‑to‑person directly. After exposure, symptoms often appear within 3 to 6 days.

Yellow Fever Symptoms to Watch For

Symptoms usually develop 3 to 6 days after infection. 

Common early symptoms:

• Fever

• Muscle aches (especially backache)

• Nausea or vomiting

• Headache

• Weakness

If it progresses, severe symptoms develop (the ‘toxic’ phase):

• High fever

• Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes)

• Abdominal pain and vomiting

• Bleeding from mouth, nose or stomach

• Kidney or liver failure

Severe symptoms can result in death.

⚠️ If you experience fever plus yellowing of the skin or eyes after travel: seek medical attention immediately.

Yellow Fever Vaccination for Travellers

Who Should Get the Yellow Fever Vaccine

The yellow fever vaccine is recommended for travellers aged 9 months and older who are visiting or transiting through countries where yellow fever is endemic. Many destinations in Africa and South America require vaccination for entry, even if you are only passing through. It’s essential to check destination-specific requirements before travelling, as regulations can change and some countries enforce strict entry rules related to yellow fever.

Where and When to Get Vaccinated

Vaccination must be received at an accredited yellow fever vaccination centre in Australia. These centres are authorised to issue the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP), which is necessary for entry to certain countries.

The vaccine should be given at least 10 days before travel, as this is the time needed for immunity to begin and for the certificate to be considered valid. Under WHO guidelines, the certificate is now valid for life.

⚠️ Book your yellow fever vaccination at least 10 days before you depart. That’s how long it takes for your international vaccine certificate to become valid for travel.

Exemptions and Medical Considerations

Some individuals may not be able to receive the yellow fever vaccine, including infants under 9 months, pregnant people, or those with certain medical conditions (e.g. severe immunodeficiency). 

A medical waiver can be issued in these cases, but it does not guarantee entry to all countries. The vaccine is generally safe, though rare side effects can occur, such as mild fever or soreness at the injection site. 

Serious reactions are uncommon but possible, so a pre-vaccination assessment is recommended.

Countries Where Yellow Fever Is a Concern

Yellow fever occurs mainly in parts of Africa, Central America, and South America. Travellers to these regions may need vaccination depending on local requirements. The list of affected countries can change over time, so always check official guidance before travelling.

While this is not an exhaustive list, affected regions include:

Africa

• Nigeria

• Ghana

• Angola

• South Sudan

• Democratic Republic of Congo

• Côte d’Ivoire

South America

• Brazil

• Peru

• Colombia

• Ecuador

• Bolivia

• Venezuela

Many countries require proof of yellow fever vaccination for entry if you are coming from, or have transited through, an endemic area. Always confirm current requirements with official sources, as regulations can change.

Yellow Fever Prevention While Travelling

Even with vaccination, mosquito bite prevention is essential:

• Use insect repellents containing DEET or picaridin

• Wear long-sleeved clothing and trousers

• Sleep under mosquito nets where necessary

These measures also reduce the risk of other mosquito-borne illnesses, such as dengue and Zika. The yellow fever vaccine is highly effective but does not replace personal protective measures.

Is There a Treatment for Yellow Fever?

There is no specific cure for yellow fever. Care focuses on supportive treatment, including hydration, fever management, and monitoring for complications. Severe cases may require hospitalisation. Early medical attention significantly improves outcomes, however severe yellow fever can cause death.

Book a Travel Vaccine Consultation at Myhealth

Ensure you’re protected by booking a yellow fever vaccination at an approved Myhealth clinic. Our GPs provide vaccination, International Certificate of Vaccination, and full travel health advice tailored to your itinerary. 

Don’t leave protection to chance, book your travel consultation at any Myhealth clinic early to ensure a safe and smooth journey.

FAQs About Yellow Fever and Travel

What is a yellow fever certificate?

An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP) is issued after you receive the yellow fever vaccine at an accredited centre. It proves that you are vaccinated and is required by many countries for entry if you are travelling from, or have transited through, yellow fever-endemic areas. The certificate must be presented on arrival at border control in some countries. Under WHO rules, the certificate is valid for life once issued, but it should always be kept in a safe, accessible place while travelling.

What happens if I travel without the required yellow fever vaccination?

Travelling to a country with yellow fever vaccination requirements without a valid certificate can lead to denied entry or quarantine. Some countries may impose fines, request immediate vaccination on arrival, or even refuse entry entirely. Even if you are just transiting through an endemic country, regulations can apply. Travellers should verify requirements well in advance and plan vaccination accordingly. A medical waiver may be accepted in certain circumstances, but it does not guarantee entry, so vaccination is strongly recommended.

Can I get yellow fever more than once?

Yellow fever infection generally provides lifelong immunity. Similarly, a single dose of the vaccine is usually sufficient for life according to WHO guidelines. Repeat vaccination is rarely needed, except in special circumstances. Travellers should carry their certificate at all times to prove vaccination status, as many countries require it for entry from endemic areas.